Cause of World War I Essay -- essays research papers

WWI Causes World War I, a war that started out locally in Europe between Austria-Hungary and Serbia that later ended up including thirty two different nations. This war has been around for almost a century and yet the causes of it are still being debated. There are many different scenarios that have been considered. Some of the key reasons that were believed to have instigated WWI were nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and an arrangement of treaties. Also the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was believed to be one of the immediate causes. Nationalism is the doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other. From just reading the meaning of nationalism it is quit obvious to see that this idea will oppose some kind of conflict sooner or later, and as proved later on it did. At the settlement of Vienna in 1815, the idea of nationalism was ignored mainly because nations wanted to preserve the peace. Germany and Italy were left as divided states, but strong nationalist movements and revolutions led to the unification of Italy in 1861 and Germany also in 1871. Another result of the Franco-Prussian War, which took place 1870-1871, was that France wasn’t happy with the outcome of Alsace-Lorraine losing, and regaining what they lost from that was a major goal for the French. Nationalism was a problem for Austria-Hungary and the Balkans. Those areas had many conflicting national groups. The strong faith Serbia had for the movement advocating th...

Active Vibration Control Importance In Mechanical Systems Engineering Essay

This literature study is based on active quiver control and its technology importance in systems ( mechanical ) . Active quiver control is the procedure of minimizing, insulating or rarefying forces imposed by quiver, by actively using opposing forces in order to acquire a desirable status which may be vibration-free or a minimized status. The active control of quiver is of great importance in design of mechanical systems like choppers, where the usage of active quiver control method, has offered a better comfort for the rider with less weight than the inactive alteration, which is the 2nd chief method of commanding quiver. Active control is besides used in cut downing low frequence quiver in constructions by utilizing lightweight quiver actuators like piezoelectric ceramic. Many industrial operations and procedures can non take topographic point if the industrial equipments are non operated in a vibration-free status, this necessitates quiver control. Since quiver may be caused by the instability in most machine parts ( revolving parts like bearings, shaft, cogwheels, flywheel etc ) the cognition of active quiver control is indispensable for the machine interior decorator in order to bring forth an efficient and effectual machine systems for modern twenty-four hours fabrication. Active quiver control has up to four me thods viz. : matrix method, theoretical finite component method, frequence response map and receptances method. The receptance method involve poles and zeros arrangement ( assignment of characteristic root of a square matrixs ) which changes the natural frequences to avoid resonance. However, the construct of classical quiver absorber can be related to a Frahm who registered US patent in 1909 for a device muffling quiver organic structures [ 1 ] . The theory of quiver soaking up foremost appeared in 1928 [ 2 ] in an unfastened literature and was made widely available in 1943 in the first edition of a book authored by J.P Den Hartog, ‘Mechanical quiver ‘ [ 3 ] . There are two chief types of quiver control viz. : the inactive structural alteration and active quiver control. The application of the former can be traced back to the work of Duncan [ 4 ] . In 1941 he determined the dynamic features of a compound system formed from two or more subsystems with complecting belongingss and known receptances.The assignment of characteristic root of a square matrix in active control community started in 1960 ‘s when Wonham [ 5 ] gave an exhibition that poles of a system could be assigned by a province feedback in a state of affairs whereby the system can be controlled. Kautsky et.al [ 6 ] described the numerical method for happening robust ( good conditioned ) solutions to the province feedback pole assignment job by specifying a solution infinite of linearly independent eigenvectors, matching to the characteristic root of a square matrixs required. The solutions gotten were such that the sensitiveness of poles assigned to disturbances in the systems and addition matrices was reduced. One of the interesting facet in active quiver control is the quadratic characteristic root of a square matrix job ( QEP ) taken into history by Tisseur and Mbergeen [ 7 ] , they described the assorted linearization i.e. transmutation of QEP into additive generalized eigenvalue jobs with the same characteristic root of a square matrixs and computational method besides integrating as many types of package available like matlab. A study of experimental and theoretical survey of active quiver control was carried out, with some documents that contained the relevant surveies. The literature study majorly contained past research work done by little figure of establishments and experts with their different techniques and so follows a brief treatment on documents of peculiar involvement.1.1 Experimental Surveies1.1.1 Techniques used in University of SouthamptonNumerous sum of work has been published, this mainly uses speed feedback. In publication of Brennan et Al. [ 8 ] , five different actuators were compared ( magnetostrictive, electromagnetic and three piezoelectric types ) . There was a balance in all the devices between supplanting and force generating public presentation ; hence a method of mensurating the balance was deduced. Improvement would hold been made, because it was written as far back as 1998, particularly in piezoelectric. Decentralised speed feedback is described in publication work of Serrand and Elliot [ 9 ] , on a stiff construction with a brace of about collocated detectors electromagnetic actuators, which are in parallel with a inactive saddle horse. Two control channels which are independent were used and shown to rarefy low manners ( 40dB ) mostly and be stable to little fluctuations in mass. The published work of Sang-Myeong et Al, . [ 10 ] Shows that the decentralized control is expanded to a stiff construction with four detectors and actuators, and so follows the same set up in a flexible construction [ 11 ] . The control strategy was used to rarefy low frequence which is less than 100 Hz quiver by up to 14 dubnium, limited by the instability of the low frequence introduced from filtrating stage displacements. State feedback from speed and force measuring Benassi et al [ 12 ] is used on a 3 grade of freedom ( DOF ) system, utilizing an actuator of individual inactiveness. The feedback cringle of interior force ( with a phase-lag compensator ) , reduces the natural frequence and adds considerable muffling. Control attempt and consequence can be compared to a linear-quadratic regulator ( LQ R ) .In published work of Benassi et al. , [ 13 ] , the same system was used for displacement feedback, with PID used to forestall the sagging of the actuator and to modify the natural frequence of the actuator. Highpass filters are used on the four on the four detector and actuator decentralized system Brennan et al [ 14 ] to give an fading of 20 dubnium for manners at frequence less than 100 Hz. In ( Brennan et al, 2007 ) , the instability introduced from filtrating as a consequence of stage displacement is tested on the two actuator system described in the published work of Serrand and Elliot ( 2000 ) . Condition for stableness of supplanting, speed and acceleration feedback using highpass filters were developed, it was besides shown that high damping and relatively low corner frequences are desirable for supplanting and speed feedback. Gatti et Al ( 2007 ) used collocated piezoelectric transducer actuators and accelerometers, and dampen quiver by explicitly ciphering the minimum kinetic energy of the system. The system was found to be unstable when much lower additions lower than maximal theoretical were used. An absolute speed control ( AVF ) strategy ( Yan Et Al, Journal of sound quiver ) was shown to be effectual at rarefying merely low frequence manners therefore get jobs with the actuator resonances which is stabilized by a lead compensator.1.1.2 Techniques used in Virginia TechWilliam et al [ 11 ] provides a general reappraisal of the operation of four different types of piezoceramic actuators, with the preliminary trial of d31 consequence of Macro Fibre Composites ( MFCs ) on a 1.8 meters diameter inflatable toroid ( hard state of affairs to prove, because of its flexibleness ) . Sodano et al [ 12 ] ran Single Input Single Output ( SISO ) and Multiple Input and Multiple Output ( MIMO ) tests on the same cons truction, utilizing MFC detectors [ 13 ] .In order to excite the whole toroid, a big propulsion force was required ( 800V through the MFC, 0-200Hz ) . Comparison was made between control strategies utilizing both sets of detectors on the toroid construction utilizing PPF ( Sodano, 2004 ) . The cleaner The PVDF detectors allowed lower fading when compared to that of cleaner signals from the MFCs which allow a significantly higher fading. Positive Velocity Feedback ( PVF ) was used by Tarazaga et al [ 15 ] to stifle a little inflatable construction, and compared instrument like optical maser vibrometer, accelerometer and strain gage detectors. Four FMC actuators were used while their control parametric quantities were tuned by manus. A 23 dubnium decrease was achieved in one manner with feeling via optical maser vibrometer, 7.db with strain gage. Alhazza et al [ 16 ] conducted a elaborate probe on delayed feedback of a non-collocated PZT patch/accelerometer brace clamped on abeam, to stifle two manners at the same time. It has been shown that the muffling control is maximised where each pole has existent parts of similar magnitudes. Mahmoodi et al [ 17 ] used modified positive place feedback on an aluminum beam with two braces of MFC sensor/actuator. They besides used realtime Fast Fourier Transform monitoring in dSPACE to about find the resonances of the system and alter the frequence of the accountant consequently. A big amplitude decrease was achieved in two manners ( 23-37 dubnium ) and a little alteration in frequences as an inauspicious consequence.1.1.3 Techniques used in BrusselsPerumont have written many documents but the most recent one is based on isolation of warheads. Hanieh and Perumont [ 18 ] used relative and built-in compensators to cut down the natural frequence of an isolator construction by half ( 50 % ) , although this does non specifically place the poles. They highlighted the usage of built-in addition to brace the system for increasing relative addition. Marneffe and Perumont [ 19 ] showed that manners can be dampened by negative electrical capacity shunt circuits utilizing PZT actuators every bit good as increasing or diminishing the natural frequencies..This method does non stifle every bit good as Integrated Force Feedback ( IFF ) , nevertheless poles are non specified clearly. The system can besides supply some inactive fading. Preumont et al [ 20 ] described decentralized force feedback on six-axis isolator in order to stifle three widely spaced manners of frequence ( 3-400 Hz ) close to 40 dubniums. They discovered that the demand for highpass filter with a really low corner frequence whish stabilise the integrated signals has a side consequence on the fading.1.1.4 Techniques used in Other InstitutionsGaudenzi et al [ 21 ] applied place and speed feedback to a collocated PZT sensor/actuator on a clamped beam. Control additions are calculated in order to give specified muffling values in each instance, the frequence displacements are besides calculated but non clearly specified. Song et Al [ 22 ] compared Strain Rate Feedback ( SRF ) and Positive Position Feedback ( PPF ) for quiver decrease of a beam, utilizing a collocated PZT detector and actuator. They determined SRF damped quivers in about half clip of PPF, but the accountant bandwidth was much smaller. Vasques and Rodrigues [ 23 ] presented a numerical survey which compares Changeless Amplitude Velocity Feedback ( CAVF ) , Changeless Gain Velocity Feedback ( CGVF ) , Linear Quadratic Regulator ( LQR ) and Linear Quadratic Gausssian ( LQG ) control on a beam with a piezoelectric actuator/sensor collocated brace. The usage of Kalman-Bucy filter and its part to the possibility of spillover were demonstrated. CAVF and CGVF require distinction of the end product signals, which compromise stableness badly. The greatest fading was given by LQG control schemes with the lowest actuator force. Kolvalovs et al [ 24 ] model the effects of MFC actuators as a thermic burden in Finite Element ( thermic enlargement coefficient I ± = piezoelectric changeless vitamin D / electrode spacing I?es ) , which was compared favorably with trial on a clamped aluminum beam. There was a study of big fading but it was non the control method. PZT detectors and four PZT actuators were used by Kwak and Heo [ 25 ] on the legs of an ‘A ‘ frame to cut down quiver with Multiple-In-Multiple-Out PPF control. Block opposite technique was used by them to stifle more braces of pole than actuators, and to increase stableness. A decrease in natural frequences was predicted and observed, but are non explicitly specified in the control. Qiu et al [ 26 ] used non-collocated PZTs to command the first and the first two flexing manner of a beam. Lowpass filter and stage displacements were used to greatly lower the possibility of spillover. Their Variable Structure Control ( VSC ) uses the built-in of signal measured. Pole arrangement in procedure technology seems to be prevailing and reasonably implemented in a broad mode, for case Michiels et al [ 27 ] used the province feedback and the consequence of the clip hold was included. However, the chief aim in these systems is stability non the fading.1.1.5 Application of Pole PlacementAn interesting facet in pole arrangement is the work done by Mahmoodi et al [ 17 ] , where the accountant with regard to the natural frequences of the system determined from the extremums of a FFT in dSPACE. A technique which is the same could let the control of time-varying mass, the FFT must be buffered must be buffered, hence the adaptative control is comparatively slow. There may be demand of existent clip robust curve adjustment. In published work of Kwak and Heo [ 25 ] , it is shown that in an effort to delegate more poles than actuators with a PPF accountant, finding control additions utilizing the pseudo opposite may non be desiable. This cogency of this may besides be applicable for the receptance method. A figure of surveies have shown that the addition in truth of MFCs as detectors when compared to other strain gages and accelerometers could better the anticipations of the control addition. The simplest accountants, like displacement feedback were non every bit effectual as more complex accountants, but the optimum control strategy is non clear. It was shown that highpass filters and turning away of taking derived functions of measured signal are necessary. In some conditions of PZT actuators, lowpass filters were required because they can readily excite manners of high frequence and give rise to spillover.1.2 Theoretical SurveiesSome few documents were selected so that the consecutive development of the subject can be presented without adverting all the research works conducted by the research workers. Before the theoretical reappraisal it is imperative to present some mathematical theory of quiver suppression for the intent of familiarization with the active quiver control. In general the rule of active quiver control by method of receptance modelled by Mottershead and Ram [ 28 ] is as follows: See the three systems M, C, and K with province feedback ; Where, M is the mass system â€Å" C is the damping system â€Å" K is jumping system ( stiffness ) Ma ( T ) + Ca?†¹ ( T ) + Kx ( T ) = degree Fahrenheit ( T ) ( clip sphere ) ( 1 ) Ma ( T ) + Ca?†¹ ( T ) + Kx ( T ) = bu ( T ) + P ( T ) ( 2 ) B is a vector while u ( T ) is a scalar. U ( T ) = – ( gTx + fTa?†¹ ) U ( T ) = -gTx – fTa?†¹ Then equation ( 2 ) becomes Ma ( T ) + Ca?†¹ ( T ) + Kx ( T ) = B ( -gTx – fTa?†¹ ) + P ( T ) ( 3 ) Ma ( T ) + Ca?†¹ ( T ) + Kx ( T ) = – bgTx – bfTa?†¹ + P ( T ) ( 4 ) Under a existent status, each non nothing footings in B means the usage of an actuator while in g or degree Fahrenheit means the usage of detector. In frequence sphere, the consequence in equation ( 4 ) gives: [ Ms2 + Cs + K +b ( gT + foot ) ] x ( s ) =p ( s ) It is obvious that the close-loop dynamic stiffness is changed by the rank-1 alteration B ( gT+ foot ) due to the province feedback when one input is used. The opposite of a matrix with a rank-1 alteration in footings of the opposite of the original matrix is given by The Sherman-Morrison expression [ 29 ] .Hence, the close-loop receptance matrix is: A ¤ ( s ) = H ( s ) – H ( s ) B ( gT + foot ) H ( s ) 1+ ( gT + foot ) H ( s ) B H ( s ) is equal to the opposite of [ Ms + Cs + K ] . It may be determined practically from the matrix of receptances H ( tungsten ) measured at the sensor/actuator coordinates.1.2.1 Receptance Modelling TechniquesMottershead and Ram [ 28 ] concluded that the system matrices M, C and K are non required to be evaluated in delegating poles and nothings in active quiver control when utilizing receptance method. Duncan [ 30 ] and Sofrin [ 31 ] were the first set of people to compose paper which addressed the job of uniting two or more dynamical systems in 1941 and 1945 severally. The job considered by them was based on finding the dynamic behavior of a compound system which was formed as a consequence of uniting two or more subsystems with known receptances and known belongingss which are interconnected. The technique creates the footing for the job of direct structural alteration by receptance modeling, which the elaborate account has been given by Bishop and Johnson [ 32 ] . Ewins [ 33 ] gave a general expression for finding the receptances of a compound system utilizing measured receptances from another constituent. In this, the matrix of connection-point receptances need to be inverted, this is known to be an improperly posed job. Berman [ 33, 34 ] has explained the job in flexibleness matrix inversion to obtain stiffness and frailty versa. Weissenburger [ 35 ] presented the first paper to speak about reverse structural alteration job. In this job, the aim is to find the necessary alteration to put natural frequences and antiresonances ( assignment of characteristic root of a square matrix ) . The receptance in the receptance patterning method proposed by Weissenburger got decomposed into abbreviated set of spectra and manners. Weissenburger ‘s work was extended by Pomazal autonomic nervous systems Synder [ 36 ] to muffle system and see the best pick of alteration co-ordinates. Dowell [ 36 ] used an attack called quotient attack considered the general form of puting natural frequences after adding mass and spring to modify. The straightforward procedure applied in simple unit-rank alterations by add-on of a mass, is the assignment of individual natural frequence. It merely requires the measuring of the point receptance at the co-ordinate of alteration at the frequence to be assigned for the value of the mass added to be determined for the intent of delegating a individual natural frequence. In pattern, the add-on of a grounded spring is more hard than an added mass. Receptance modeling for the assignment of antiresonances was foremost applied in UK chopper industry in 1972. It was discovered by Vincent [ 37 ] that when a construction is excited at a point Q with fixed frequence is modified by adding a spring between two co-ordinates r and s, so the response at another point P will follow out a circle when it is plotted in the complex plane when the stiffness of the spring is being varied from subtraction to plus eternity. Hence there is a decrease in job of quiver suppression to happening point on the circle nearest to the complex response beginning. Thorough description of this method was given by Done and Hughes [ 38 ] and was further analysed by Nagy [ 39 ] to include Vincent circle analysis of a spring-mass absorber. The job of delegating antiresonance was discovered once more after a long period of no activities by Li et al [ 40 ] , but at that place was a restriction in their analysis by the necessity to find the manners of the ‘grounded ‘ system that have characteristic root of a square matrixs matching to the antiresonances. The manner was determined numerically from the mass and stiffness matrices already reduced in size by the eliminating row and column. The sensitivenesss of the system antiresonances were considered by Mottershead [ 41 ] . Vibration node was created by Mottershead and Lallement [ 42 ] by call offing pole with a nothing utilizing a receptance patterning method. Force restraint to measured point and cross-receptances was applied by Mottershead [ 43 ] in order to find characteristic root of a square matrixs ( pole ) , eigenvector and receptances of the forced systems. Then, add-on of multitudes to a beam leads to the accomplishment of delegating antiresonances in a physical experiment for the first clip.1.2.2 Active Control TechniquesMottershead and Ram [ 28 ] , concluded that active quiver control offers much greater flexibleness in delegating coveted dynamic behavior ( like poles ) than the inactive alteration because all poles can be assigned to order arbitrary location if the system is governable while in inactive alteration there is a restriction of symmetric alteration. In the theory of automatic control, a cardinal consequence provinces that the moral force of a system a can be regulated by delegating the characteristic root of a square matrixs, or poles, of the system utilizing a individual input force, provided that the system is governable [ 44 ] . Another option to modulate the moral force of a system is to utilize multiple control forces [ 45 ] . The usage of multiple control forces lead to accomplishment of redundancy which has been used by Kautsky et al [ 3 ] to do certain that there is hardiness of the control system in the sense that the pole assigned are non sensitive to disturbances in the parametric quantities of the system. For stableness to be achieved, all the system ‘s pole must lie on the left-hand side of the complex plane. In every bit much as natural quivers are described normally by finite component theoretical account which are of big dimensions, it is non normally easy to cognize whether all the characteristic root of a square matrixs possess negative existent parts, particularly when a large-space structural control system is being designed [ 46,47 ] . While some characteristic root of a square matrixs associated with big oscillation are being relocated, other characteristic root of a square matrix of which there was no purpose of altering them, shifted towards the righ hand-side of the complex plane and this may take to instability of the system. Such a procedure is called the spillover of poles. Saad [ 48 ] developed an algorithm for the selective changing of the spectrum of the dynamic system consists of a set of first-order differential equation. For the partial pole assignment job associated with systems undergoing quiver, a closed-form solution was derived in [ 49 ] , where there was resettlement of some coveted characteristic root of a square matrixs to order places, while all other characteristic root of a square matrixs remain unchanged. The usage of a certain perpendicularity relation m ade this accomplishable which applies to a general viscously-damped system. Generalisation has been made refering this method to include multi-input control forces. In this, little control attempt was control by redundancy in the control forces.1.2.3 Continuous System TechniqueThe job of direct characteristic root of a square matrix of a system which is additive and uninterrupted and in combination with another system is good understood. Danek [ 50 ] used Green ‘s maps in obtaining the characteristic equation and natural frequences of two beams which are connected at distinct points. Classical method of dividing variables was used by Nicholson and Bergman [ 51 ] in order to analyze free quiver of two types of combined additive undamped dynamical systems. Both systems need the add-on of oscillator to beams. Bergman and Nicholson [ 52 ] besides showed that for a additive combined system dwelling of a viscously damped simple beam and a figure of viscously damped oscillators, the response could be solved in closed signifier. Conditionss were given for the being of classical normal manners in a combined viscously damped additive system and the precise solution for the response to an arbitrary excitement when this status is satisfied. In uninterrupted systems, nodal points can be specified by utilizing inactive or active control. The control force in footings of an infinite merchandise of characteristic root of a square matrixs was expressed by Ram [ 53 ] . The consequence is based on certain relation that connects the eigenfunctions to a merchandise of characteristic root of a square matrixs [ 54 ] .It was shown by Singh and Ram [ 55 ] that anodal point in a vibrating beam may be assigned bythe usage of manner form informations associated with auxiliary set of partial differential equations. In decision,

School Segregation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2062 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Segregation Essay Did you like this example? Over time there has been many issues that the United States have established regarding races and what they can and cant do. To begin with, one issue that holds a huge importance to this day is the United States creating laws regarding school education, to either children or adults entering colleges/universities. The United States didnt create the law of racially segregating students from one another on accident, when it was created, they were well aware that by segregating students from one another that eventually an ill feeling for each other will rise. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "School Segregation" essay for you Create order Of course, when establishing this law, it was supposed to be seen as separate but equal but as needless to say it was nowhere close to separate but equal. Different types of racial groups such as African Americans, Native Americans, Chicanos, and Chinese had to suffer with the consequences that school segregation came with and had no other choice but to follow through because of course the whites dealt with anything and anyone who didnt comply. There are different types of segregation, but the one people are most familiar with is the word segregation in general. What is segregation? According to Merriam-Webster.com, segregation is the separation or isolation of a race, class, or ethnic group by enforced or voluntary residence in a restricted area, by barriers to social intercourse, by separate educational facilities, or by other discriminatory means. Another form is of course desegregation, which is the process of ending the separation of different racial, religious, or cultural group. To add on there is also de facto segregation and de jure segregation, de facto segregation is segregation by practice while de jure segregation is segregation by law. In fact, de jure segregation is one of the forms that was used when it came to separate but equal. It didnt matter that African Americans were separate from whites as long as they had equal rights and conditions. There are various cases involving school segregation and outcomes of how it affects separating students from one another and how it was very much not separate but equal, most of the cases involded different types of racial groups but starting off with African Americans they unfortunately had it the worst. Luckily there was an organization that was formed in 1909 by diverse activist who were all about fighting against unequal rights towards African Americans called the NAACP also known as National Association for the Advancement of Colored peoples. This organization had goals that were set to help any individual no matter the race has equal rights, according to the NAACP website itself they describe what their objectives are. To start off the list of their objectives as To ensure the political, educational, social, and economic, equality of all citizens. To achieve equality of rights and eliminate race prejudice among the citizens of the Unite States. To remove all barriers and enforc ement of federal, state, and local laws securing civil rights. To inform the public of the adverse effects of racial disclination and to seek its elimination. To educate persons as to their constitutional rights and to take all lawful action to secure the exercise thereof, and to take any other lawful action in furtherance of these objectives, consistent with the NAACPs Articles of incorporation and this constitution. The NAACP worked very hard to achieve these goals during the civil rights movement as well, they took on various cases to help eliminate any kind of negative measures that would affect African Americans. NAACP is still very important till this day, they have held many protests over the years to fight for what is right for every individual and theyll continue to fight and wont stop until people are aware and educated how our society is hurting one another. A prime example of a case that the NAACP took upon their organization was McLaurin v. Oklahoma, this specific case was one of the many cases that NAACP took into their hands in order to fight for an end of racial segregation at schools. George McLaurin an African American student with a masters degree, had applied for admission to the university of Oklahoma in 1950; in order to pursuit his education. McLaurin was not able to at first be admitted because of his race so it led to McLaurin filing a complaint for injunctive relief which claimed that the statute was constitutional because it deprived him of equal protection of the laws. This led to his complaint being heard and he was fortunately able to be admitted into the university, but it came with restrictions that were seemed to be acceptable at the time. McLaurin was able to use the same classroom, library and cafeteria as white students but when it came down to classroom time McLaurin wasnt able to be IN the same classroom, he wa s put outside with his own desk and had to be taught from a distance where it was a struggle for him to learn. The restrictions that came with being admitted into the university was that he was able to be on campus but he was assigned to sit in a row of classroom seats reserved for African American students, had to sit at an assigned table in the library, and, while he was allowed to eat in the cafeteria, he had a designated table., according to an article called McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents. Supreme Court Cases: The Dynamic Court on EBCOShost. As a result, these restrictions and limitations he had on campus affected his ability to interact with any other students which resulted in affecting his school performance. To add on, in a matter of time his appeal went to the supreme court which they had a unanimous decision reversing the state law, they reasoned that under the fourteenth amendment equal protection clause he should have the same opportunities and receive the same tre atment just as student of other races. Furthermore, not only were African Americans affected by school segregation but so were Asian Pacific American such as the Chinese. Around the time 1890, the Mississippi constitution had no idea of schooling Chinese children since there wasnt many children around because of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act so in result any other race that was not defined as white or Caucasian would belong to the colored race. Over time, Chinese started making their way into the U.S to escape the violence they suffered from their homeland, since more Chinese families were coming to the U.S it meant that their children would eventually have to go to into school despite the school segregation. Even with school segregation going on around them, it was known that white schools were better funded so of course they would want to put their kids into better funded education institutions, so their children were sent to white schools with no problems. Until around 1924, 2 young Chinese girls named Berda and Marth a Lum were not allowed to attend their first day of school at a local white school because they were not members of the white or Caucasian race. Which led to their father Gong Lum a well successful and respected grocery store owner in their community, demand that school board allow his daughter, Martha Lum attend the white school, to help support his case a local law firm was able to help with a pro bono act. According to an EBCOShost article named Gong Lum v. Rice, their reasoning behind not allowing his children was It was widely believed that due to the earlier lack of Chinese women in the Delta, some Chinese men had fathered children with colored women. If children of mixed Chinese and black blood attended white schools, they would have, in effect, desegregated the public schools. If Martha wanted to attend a school in general she couldve been granted attendance at a colored school or either attend a private school but not at the expense of the state. Overall, the case didnt mak e it to where Martha was allowed to attend a white school and the Lums had lost the case in 1927, as stated by an article called How a Chinese Familys 1927 Lawsuit Set a Precedent for School Segregation on Time.com, the court had made a unanimous ruling that Mississippi can regulate their schools however they like. To add on, another case that dealt with a Chicano family who had suffered with the issue of school segregation was the Mendez v. Westminster, which happened around the 1940s. This case holds a huge importance to help ending school segregation because if it wasnt for this specific case, there wouldnt have been any support to ending school segregation. In the 1946, this case was to help end the segregation of Mexican American children in the southern California, around the time the term separate but equal was still around which made it difficult for children of other races to be admitted into white schools because of the doctrine that supported segregation in the U.S and because they were a part of the Mexican heritage but the lawsuit that Mendez had ordered against it was about to abolish the term in schools. The Mendez v. Westminster case was about the children of Gonzolo Mendez, Mendez tried to enroll his kids into an orange county school in 1943 but the school had denied his child ren entry solely because of their ethnicity, but the same day his kids had been denied his niece and nephew had been admitted because their skin was fairer. The school district responded to Mendez by saying that Mexican Americans needed their own separate schools because of cultural and language differences, of course this had angered Mendez and he was encouraged to fight against this. The Mendez family had created an organization with four other families that were facing with similar issues with their children dealing with discrimination and try to go against the federal court to defeat school segregation. Gonzolo Mendez was the lead defendant and had sued four school districts including superintendents, on be half of his children and other Mexican American students that they should have the benefit as white children to attend any white because any Mexican American child was legally white. According to NPS.gov and article called U.S Court House Post Office had stated, The Mendez lawyer filed the lawsuit at the U.S. Court for the Southern District of California, where they could argue that the State of California violated the childrens right to the Constitutions Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The U.S. Constitution states that no State can deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. The Mendez lawyer had legitimate solid reasons as to why separating children from other children because of their race was causing harm to them and could be harmful to them in the long term because it would affect the kids self-esteem, their image on how to t reat one another and their achievement. In an article called How segregation Hurts Kids on Daily.jstor.org, it discusses the affects on separating kids affects all kids no matter the race, Hispanic, white, African American, Chinese, Native American etc. The article expresses that not having a diverse environment for children it does affect their performance in school and how they score higher or lower during test. For example, they state, white students scores tended to be lower in schools with fewer non-white students. black, white, and Hispanic students with higher percentages of whites in their peer groups tended to have relatively high scores. All in all, the Mendez lawsuit did last five days, and the five-day trail had the hugest impact of anyone who was facing discrimination, two months after the trail Governor Earl Warren, signed a bill that had made California to be the first to outlaw all public school segregation. To end, this isnt one specific school segregation case that involves two separate group but one group that had suffered with tremendous experiences with the federal government and still does to this day. Native Americans have been dealing with segregation, discrimination, assimilation, etc. for years because of their race. Boarding schools was a way to native Americans children out of their hometown to a rural area where there was no way for the children to get into contact with anyone but the other children around and the supervisors of the boarding schools.